A Drummer's Testament
<Home page>
<PDF file>
The origins of drum chieftaincies; drum chiefs and chieftaincy hierarchies; the different drum chieftaincies of the towns; how a chief drummer is buried; how a drummer gets chieftaincy; chieftaincy and leadership
<top of page>
Supplementary material
<top of page>
Contents outline by paragraph
Introduction
- 1. introduction: burial of a chief drummer; drum chiefs in Dagbon
- 2. chieftaincy is leadership; increases respect in a group; drum chieftaincies began long ago
The origins of drumming and the chieftaincy of Namo-Naa
- 3. Bizuŋ the son of Naa Nyaɣsi; Bizuŋ's children are the line of drummers; drummers' grandfathers are Naa Nyaɣsi, Bizuŋ, Ashaɣu, the line of Namɔɣu; Kosaɣim the line of Savelugu
- 4. Namo-Naa the chief drummer of Dagbon
Hidden talks about chieftaincy descent
- 5. a hidden talk: people say Bizuŋ was Namo-Naa but the chieftaincy itself had not started
- 6. chieftaincy talks: people call all Yaa-Naas as fathers or children of Yaa-Naas
- 7. Naa Nyaɣsi's “children” whom he made chiefs in tindana towns were not all his real children, but they are called his children; if a chief has no children, drummers call his sister's or brother's child the chief's son; even Yaa-Naas
- 8. Namo-Naa the father of all drummers, and Namo-Naa is the line of Bizuŋ; but not all Namo-Naas are actual children of the line of Bizuŋ; Bizuŋ and other early drummers were not chiefs, but they are called Namo-Naa; one's child is the one who does one's work
- 9. the difficulties of old or hidden talks, the secrets of drumming regarding the names and identities; people who have written about Dagbon do not know it
- 10. early Namɔɣu chiefs were not drumming chiefs as they are today; chieftaincy has evolved
- 11. example from Naa Luro's Samban' luŋa: drummers did not go with Naa Luro to the war
- 12. Bizuŋ and his children were there as drummers; gradually increased their presence
The Lun-Zoo-Naa chieftaincy
- 13. different from Namo-Naa; now only in Gukpeogu and Karaga
- 14. relationship of Lun-Zoo-Naa to Bizuŋ; possible Guruma connection
- 15. Lun-Zoo-Naa chieftaincy is older than Namo-Naa chieftaincy
- 16. the seniority of Namo-Naa over Lun-Zoo-Naa; Namo-Naa from Yaa-Naa's line
- 17. the relationship of Namo-Naa and Lun-Zoo-Naa
- 18. drumming chieftaincies are old but not as old as Dagbon; drumming itself is older; many differences among the towns
Standard order of drumming chiefs
- 19. most towns drumming chiefs: Lun-Naa is first, then Sampahi-Naa and Taha-Naa; then differences among chiefs following: Dolsi-Naa, Dobihi-Naa, Yiwɔɣu-Naa
- 20. examples of different ordering of drum chiefs in chieftaincy
hierarchies at Nanton (Maachɛndi, Lun-Naa, Sampahi-Naa, Yiwɔɣu-Naa, Dolsi-Naa,
Dobihi-Naa, Maachɛndi Wulana), Savelugu (Palo-Naa, Lun-Naa, Sampahi-Naa,
Dolsi-Naa, Taha-Naa, Yiwɔɣu-Naa, Dobihi-Naa, and Palo-Wulana)
- 21. Lun-Naa not always senior; examples: Kumbungu, Nanton, Gushegu, Karaga, Mion
The position of Namo-Naa
- 22. Yendi has many drum chiefs because Yendi elders have drum chiefs; examples: Mba Duɣu, Kuɣa-Naa, Balo-Naa, etc.; all follow Namo-Naa
- 23..the position of Namo-Naa and Yendi Sampahi-Naa; the respect of Namoɣu Wulana
- 24. the relationship of Zɔhi Lun-Naa and Namo-Naa chieftaincies
- 25. Namo-Naa only beats drum for something important involing Yaa-Naa; Namo-Naa has his house drummers to represent him or stand for him
- 26. all drummers look at themselves as children of Namo-Naa; drummers have no set town; formerly would follow chief who gave a drum; if have own drum, can follow any chief; drumming and traveling
How drum chiefs move from town to town
- 27. Drummers follow chiefs; a chief can call a drummer to follow him as he moves from town to town
- 28. drummers don't have towns; example: Karaga Lun-Naa Baakuri from Savelugu drum chiefs
- 29. drumming chieftaincies follow two things: family line and chiefs
- 30. how drummers follow chiefs; example: Tamale Dakpɛma Lun-Naa's line from Yendi; leaving other Dakpɛma Lun-Naas' family
- 31. example: Dakpɛma Taha-Naa from Karaga Lun-Naa Baakuri's line
- 32. if a town's drummers challenge a drummer brought from another town, the drummer can show how all their families came from other towns; all are children of Namo-Naa, every town is their town
How drummers move into drumming chieftaincies: olden days
- 33. drummers can get a chieftaincy by following and greeting a chief
- 34. some chieftaincies follow family door; if a drum chief dies, others will move up, and son will get a smaller chieftaincy
- 35. if sitting drum chiefs quarrel over an open chieftaincy, chief can move the dead chief's son directly to the position
- 36. drum chiefs are not removed; example: only current Naa Yakubu has removed drum chiefs along with removing towns' chiefs; Dagbon chieftaincies are spoiled
- 37. how Namo-Naa Issahaku was removed
- 38. how a Namo-Naa must visit ancient Namɔɣu near Yaan' Dabari
- 39. in olden days, a new drumming chief only is a chief drummer died; chiefs were not removed
How a Namo-Naa is buried and a new drumming chief installed
- 40. two ways to drum chieftaincy by chief who wants a drummer or by family door; join talk to drum chief's death, burial, and succession
- 41. a drummer is buried with a drum, broken stick, and skin; Namo-Naa buried with drum covered with leopard skin; burial dress and procedures resemble Yaa-Naa; Namo-Naa lies on skins of animals; the dead body is walked to the grave
- 42. walking to the grave also for chief drummers of major towns; example: also Savelugu, Gushegu, Karaga; Yelizoli
- 43. after Namo-Naa's funeral, Namo-Naa's elders tell Yaa-Naa whom they want; if Yaa-Naa agrees, the new Namo-Naa is given chieftaincy in same room Yaa-Naa becomes a chief; walking stick, gown, timpana, guns
The installation of a Palo-Naa
- 44. other towns' drummers follow family doors; example: Savelugu Palo-Naa; the starting of two Palo lines
- 45. usually they inherit according to family; Palo-Naa succeeded by the next chief from his line
- 46. how Savelugu drummers will talk to the Savelugu chief; cola sent to the new chief
- 47. the drummer's gather after the funeral; Palo-Naa Gbɔŋlana will sing resembling Samban' luŋa; walking on knees
- 48. how Savelugu-Naa will greet the Gbɔŋlana and Pakpɔŋ; sharing cola
- 49. giving gown to the new Palo-Naa; the advice the chief gives
- 50. removing the buɣu from the Gbɔŋlana; Gbɔŋlana given a wife
How Alhaji Mumuni refused drum chieftaincy
- 51. formerly, drummers were not buying chieftaincy; chiefs feared taking drummers money; chiefs called drummers for chieftaincy and gave drummer a house, horse, stableman, wife, and household support; but modern chiefs want money
- 52. Alhaji Mumuni's refused chieftaincy because of his commitment to Muslim religion
- 53. how Alhaji Mumuni refused chieftaincies in Voggo, Gushie, Lamashegu, Pigu, Savelugu
- 54. example: when Nanton-Naa Alaasambila was chief of Zugu, story of how Mumuni refused chieftaincy calls but had to visit Zugulana because of his wife was Zugulana's sister
- 55. before the Friday gathering, Zugulana planned with Zugu-Lun-Naa to offer Mumuni a gown and an additional wife
- 56. Mumuni did not know the plan; the chief's sitting hall filled with people; Zugulana said he had caught Mumuni for chieftaincy; Zugulana's proverb to Mumuni
- 57. how the Zugulana spoke to Mumuni; how Mumuni refused in front of all the people; Zugu Lun-Naa confesses the plan to Mumuni
- 58. how Mumuni told Alhaji Ibrahim the story
- 59. Mumuni's story with Zugulana an example of how drum chieftaincies were formerly given; Zugulana continued to ask Mumuni even after he became Nanton-Naa
How drum chieftaincies are bought in modern times; rivalry over chieftaincy
- 60. former chieftaincy customs compared to exchange of respect
- 61. in drumming chieftaincy lines, people recognized seniority
- 62. payment and bidding from additional competition within families; how princes buy chieftaincy
- 63. modern drum chieftaincies are bought, the same as how princes buy chieftaincy
- 64. some chiefs even announce the price for the drum chieftaincy that has fallen
- 65. modern times, some drum chieftaincies are not bought, if a chief wants a certain drummer
- 66. some drummers who pass over senior drummers to eat chieftaincy are attacked with medicines
- 67. jealousy and rivalry; drummers pray to take a chief's position
- 68. Alhaji Ibrahim does not want chieftaincy; he is qualified, but he doesn't want troubles
Drum chiefs' responsibilities and need for support
- 69. not all drummers become chiefs; Alhaji Ibrahim has family door but does not want chieftaincy; chieftaincy has responsibilities; need the help of brothers and children; example: Namo-Naa has many people to send in his place
- 70. a drum chief has people behind him; some drum chiefs cannot drum well or sing well; some are aged; they have children or grandchildren who can do the work; example: Nanton Lun-Naa Iddrisu is very knowledgeable but very old; Nanton Sampahi-Naa Alidu does the work of Lun-Naa and Maachɛndi
- 71. Alhaji Ibrahim not a drum chief but has more respect than many chiefs; Alhaji Mumuni the same; Savelugu young men's drum chief (Nachimba Lun-Naa Issa Tailor) and the young drummers all follow Mumuni as their leader
- 72. the same in Tamale with Alhaji Ibrahim; how Alhaji Ibrahim calls drummers from other towns for wedding and funeral gatherings
- 73. why Tamale does not have Nachimba Lun-Naa; Tamale drumming leadership from Alhassan Lumbila, Mangulana, Sheni Alhassan, and Alhaji Ibrahim; based on respect and not chieftaincy
- 74. how Alhaji Ibrahim leads: the Tamale drummers gather at his house and follow Alhaji Ibrahim; he receives cola, assigns drummers to different houses, shares money; chieftaincy is in his bones
- 75. Alhaji Ibrahim work as leader of Tamale drummers; because of his respect and knowledge; his position compares to chief of drummers
<top of page>
Proverbs and Sayings
In every group, there must be somebody to lead so that everybody will not be equal, and there will be respect.
Every one of us who beats the drum knows his standing place.
We drummers are all grandchildren of Bizuŋ.
Someone who doesn't have patience, if he comes to learn the talks of Dagbon, he will always become confused.
Dagbon has got a lot of things, and you cannot learn all of them.
Yendi has got a lot of talks, and only we drummers know about it.
It is the one who takes up your work whom you will call your child.
When you hear any talk on the part of someone and the children he gave birth to, you have to use your sense and know what is inside it.
You should not try to see the ears of a snake.
If you try to see the ears of a snake, you will become tired.
The extent that you reach, you have to stand there.
The knowledge you have, you will know the house where you learned it.
Namo-Naa does not beat a drum by heart.
Whenever you see Namo-Naa playing a drum, you should know that that day is an important day.
Whenever they point at you that you are drummer, you have to point to Namo-Naa.
Every drummer is a child of Namo-Naa.
A drummer has no town.
Any town where we know there is food, and we know that the chief likes us, we go there.
Our drumming started with traveling and traveling.
The drumming chieftaincies follow two things: they follow the family doors and they follow the chiefs.
If the chief brings a drummer from another town to eat chieftaincy, it can bring talks, but the talks do not go far. The new drummer will reply to them and ask them a question: are they not strangers in this town, too?
“My landlord, let's talk a walk.”
Yaa-Naa and Namo-Naa are like a calabash that has broken apart.
I have given some bad people to you, and I have given some good people to you. If you don't have bad people, you won't have good people.
As I've given you bad people, I've added you good people.
You should use your foolishness and your wisdom and look after them, and take your blindness and eye-open and hold them well.
As you are not seeing, it's not because of anything; but you will see something bad and say you've not seen, and you will see something good and know it is good.
If you are going to pour water into a gourd, and rain has fallen on it already, then you don't have to put water inside again.
You were going to search for a woman in her house, and the woman didn't want to come near you: the day the woman will enter your house, you don't have to let the woman go.
If you bend down to look at somebody's anus, then the way you bend, somebody too is looking at your back.
Chieftaincy is in the bone.
A drumming chieftaincy has got worries.
If you see someone being a chief of drummers, it means he has many people behind him.
Your character will let the people come around you.
The way you are is what will gather people around you.
You can't catch a live bee and put it into a hole.
<top of page>
Dagbani words and other search terms
- Chiefs and elders
- Dakpema (Dakpɛma)
- Diarilana
- Gbonlana (Gbɔŋlana)
- Gukpe-Naa
- Karaga-Naa Mahami
- Kumbun-Naa
- Kumbun-Naa Alhassan
- Lamashegu-Naa Dawuni
- Nanton Wulana
- Nanton-Naa Alaasambila (also Zugulana Alhassan, Nanton-Naa Alhassan)
- Nanton-Naa Sule (also Gushie-Naa Sule)
- Pakpon (Pakpɔŋ)
- Pigu-Naa Abilaai
- Savelugulana
- Savelugu-Naa Abilaai (also Abdulai II)
- Savelugu-Naa Boforo
- Savelugu-Naa Mahami
- Tolon-Naa Yakubu
- Vo-Naa Andani
- Vo-Naa Moro
- Wulana
- Zugulana
- Yendi chiefs and chieftaincy terms
- Abudu house
- Andani house
- Andani
- Naa Garba
- Naa Luro
- Naa Nyaɣsi (Naa Nyaɣsi)
- Naa Ziblim Kulunku (also Naa Kulunku)
- Naa Zulandi
- Yaa-Naa, Yaa-Naas
- Yakubu
- Yendi elders
- Balo-Naa
- Kpahigu-Naa
- Kpahigu-Naa
- Kuga-Naa (Kuɣa-Naa)
- Kumlana
- MBa Buna (Mba Buŋa)
- Mba Dugu (Mba Duɣu)
- Mba Malle
- Zalankolana
- Zohi-Naa (Zɔhi-Naa)
- Drum chieftaincies
- Darikuga-Naa (Darikuɣa-Naa)
- Dobihi-Naa
- Dolsi-Naa
- Dugu Lun-Naa (Duɣu Lun-Naa)
- Dugu Sampahi-Naa (Duɣu Sampahi-Naa)
- Dugu Taha-Naa (Duɣu Taha-Naa)
- Dugu Yiwogu-Naa (Duɣu Yiwɔɣu-Naa)
- Gukpeogu Lun-Zoo-Naa
- Logambalbo (Loɣambalbo)
- Lun-Naa
- Lun-Zoo-Naa
- Maachendi (Maachɛndi)
- Nachimba Lun-Naa
- Namo-Naa
- Namogu (Namɔɣu)
- Namogu Wulana (Namɔɣu Wulana)
- Namogu Yiwogu-Naa (Namɔɣu Yiwɔɣu-Naa)
- Palo
- Palo Lun-Naa
- Palo Wulana
- Palo-Naa
- Sampahi-Naa
- Shelunlana (Shɛlunlana)
- Taha-Naa
- Toombihi
- Yendi Sampahi-Naa
- Yiwogu-Naa (Yiwɔɣu-Naa)
- Zabgu
- Zablon (Zablɔŋ)
- Zohi Lun-Naa (Zɔhi Lun-Naa)
- Zohi Sampahi-Naa (Zɔhi Sampahi-Naa)
- Zohi Taha-Naa (Zɔhi Taha-Naa)
- Zohi Yiwogu-Naa (Zɔhi Yiwɔɣu-Naa)
- Zule-Naa
- Drummers and drum chiefs named
- Adam Zhee (Adam Ʒee)
- Alhaji Adam Alhassan Mangulana
- Alhassan Abukari
- Alhassan Kpema (Alhassan Kpɛma)
- Alhassan Lumbila
- Bizun (Bizuŋ)
- Dakpema Lun-Naa (Dakpɛma Lun-Naa)
- Dakpema Taha-Naa Bababila (Dakpɛma Taha-Naa Bababila)
- Karaga Lun-Naa Baakuri
- Karaga Lun-Naa Blemah
- Karaga Lun-Naa Nayina
- Karaga Lun-Naa Sheni
- Karaga Lun-Zoo-Naa
- Kpatinga Lun-Naa
- Lunzhegu (Lunʒɛɣu)
- Lun-Zoo-Naa Abukari
- Lun-Zoo-Naa Tisuwa
- Mumuni (Abdulai) (also Mumuni Lumbila)
- Namo-Naa Ashagu (Namo-Naa Ashaɣu)
- Namo-Naa Banchiri
- Namo-Naa Bizun (Namo-Naa Bizuŋ)
- Namo-Naa Issahaku (also Zɔhi [Zohi] Lun-Naa Issahaku)
- Namo-Naa Lelbaa
- Namo-Naa Mahama
- Namo-Naa, Namo-Naas
- Namo-Naa Sheni
- Namo-Naa Simaani (Zɔhi [Zohi] Lun-Naa Simaani)
- Nanton Lun-Naa Iddrisu
- Nanton Sampahi-Naa Alidu
- Palo Yiwogu-Naa Karim (Palo Yiwɔɣu-Naa Karim)
- Palo-Naa Darizhegu (Palo-Naa Dariʒɛɣu)
- Palo-Naa Issa
- Palo-Naa Kosagim (Palo-Naa Kosaɣim)
- Palo-Naa Nantogma (Palo-Naa Nantɔɣma)
- Savelugu Nachimba Lun-Naa Issa (Karim) (also Issa Tailor, Sakpielgu Lun-Naa Issa)
- Sheni Alhassan
- Tolon Lun-Naa Mushee
- Tolon Yiwogu-Naa (Tolon Yiwɔɣu-Naa)
- Zugu Lun-Naa
- Zugu Lun-Naa Mumuni
- Zule-Naa Sayibu
- Names and people
- Kissmal (Ibrahim Hussein)
- Shetu (daughter of Nanton-Naa Alaasambila)
- Drumming terms and praises
- Dakoli n-nye bia (Dakoli n-nyɛ bia)
- Damba (Festival)
- gingaginyogu (giŋgaɣinyɔɣu)
- Gingaani
- Kambanga (Kambaŋa)
- Lun-Zoo-Naa Mognyini (Lun-Zoo-Naa Mɔɣnyini)
- Naa Nyagsi bia (Naa Nyaɣsi bia)
- Punyigsili (Punyiɣsili)
- Samban' luna (Samban' luŋa)
- Miscellaneous terms
- be zooya (bɛ zooya)
- bia
- ben galsi (bɛn galsi)
- bugu (buɣu)
- cedis
- Dagbani
- eldership
- gbon (gbɔŋ)
- housechild
- lorry, lorries
- lun zoo
- Mba Wulana
- mogli (mɔɣli)
- Naa
- salimata
- takubsi
- timpana
- tindanas
- yili
- yini
- zuu
- Towns and places
- Aboso
- Banvim
- Choggo
- Dagbon
- Diari
- Gukpeogu
- Gushie
- Gushegu
- Kamban' Dunoli (Kambaŋ' Dunoli)
- Kanvili
- Karaga
- Kpatinga
- Kuga (Kuɣa)
- Kumbungu
- Lamashegu
- Mion
- Namogu (Namɔɣu)
- Nanton
- Pigu
- Sagnerigu
- Sang
- Savelugu
- Tolon
- Voggo
- Yelizoli
- Yendi
- Yiwogu (Yiwɔɣu)
- Yogu (Yɔɣu)
- Zangbalin
- Zugu
- Cultural groups
- Ashantis
- Dagbamba
- Guruma